Human papilloma virus: typing and genotyping

More than 120 types of HPV are known to medicine, which are classified using different approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of viruses, compiled according to the results of extensive screening studies:

Symptoms	Type
Leather:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Straight nipples	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher's nipples	7
Epidermodysplasia wart	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Warts on the skin	37, 38
Genital mucosa:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Nonondylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Cancer	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of the mucosa, not the genitals:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Cancer of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to the oncological hazard, localization and shape of the growth on the skin.

1. Localization of the infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membrane of the genital organs in men and women, it is manifested by condyloma. Beta - affects the surface layers of the epidermis, manifests itself on the surface layers of the epidermis with classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, ie the ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infection by the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Medium - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66 High rice- 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are divided into five main categories. Simple are the most common type of growth. As it develops, a warm-colored keratinized tubercle forms. Warts are localized on the skin, both alone and in groups. They most often occur on the inside and outside of the hand, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Straight - have a dark color and look like small clumps on the skin. As a rule, they appear on the upper part of the body, less often on the genitals. They are very often felt in adolescence with a failure of the immune system that develops in the neck and arms. Conical - condylomata affect the mucosa and are included in the category of oncogenic risk. Filiform - acrochordal or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles - localized on internal organs. This category includes condyloma on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High-risk human papilloma viruses

HPV is one of the most common viruses. The infection most often occurs through sexual contact and contact with the household. For many years, the virus can remain dormant and not manifest. It can be activated by various factors, for example, a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papilloma viruses are especially dangerous. This category includes:

• Average oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papilloma viruses

Carcinogenic HPV poses a serious danger, ie viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancers of the genitals, uterus, anus and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses are manifested by genital warts. Their appearance is a signal to seek medical help and remove tumors.

Human papilloma virus 1

This infectious agent leads to the development of heels and ordinary warts. Very often, with this papilloma virus, deep lesions appear on the feet, which cause discomfort and pain to the wearer. Bumps can form on the back of the arms and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has low oncogenicity. At the same time, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs can temporarily suspend their activity. The treatment is aimed at removing aesthetic problems, ie removing growths. In the future, therapy will be carried out in order to increase the defense of the immune system. Prescribing drugs that inhibit papillomatosis is mandatory.

Human papilloma virus 4

Another common form of viral disease. It is manifested by heels and ordinary nipples. As the growths develop, they darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around one large nipple.

Patients complain of itching, burning, and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of blisters and calluses on the soles.

This genotype does not pose a risk of malignant transformation. Surgical removal of growths with further immunotherapy of the patient is used for treatment.

Human papilloma virus 5

Responsible for the development of different types of growths. Papillomavirus 5 usually causes warts or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests as a large accumulation of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women get sick more often than men.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVL) is basically a unique predisposition of the epidermis to papilloma virus infection. In this case, HPV 5 has a high carcinogenicity, ie the risk of degeneration of skin changes into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small warty growths that merge into large lesions during growth.
• The rash appears on the face, back, neck, abdomen, and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear wart structures appear at the site of the wound.
• On the body and limbs the growths are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papilloma virus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and elderly people. The neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble cauliflower in shape. This type of papilloma virus is included in the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (condyloma).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Noncondylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

The treatment consists of antiviral and restorative therapy, surgical removal of the tumor. Special attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced diet, increased immunity.

Human papilloma virus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called butcher's warts or butcher's warts appear on the skin. They are painless, light brown growths that are most often localized on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher's warts occur in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin in smaller lesions. The growths appear on the elbows and arms in bulging, painless formations.

Human papilloma virus 11

Papilloma virus 11 is most commonly diagnosed in women and manifests as warts on the genitals. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has low carcinogenicity, ie it is not subject to malignant transformation.

Men and women who are sexually active and frequently change sexual partners are at risk for this disease. Infection can occur with other genital infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen is incorporated into the human chromosome set, infecting the carrier's daughters.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple rash.
• Outgrowths in women appear on the lips, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, frenum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent localizations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal region.

Diagnosis is performed according to the type of outflow structures and is not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. Special drugs are used for this. Cryodestruction methods, laser therapy and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin changes.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection is based on adherence to barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system in order to increase its protective properties.

Human papilloma virus 12

Under the influence of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest as verruciform or warty epidermodysplasia. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to a genetic disorder.

Papilloma virus 12 requires a comprehensive diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to severe dermatological defects and severe complications. Transformation of the affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma is observed in ¼ patients.

Human papilloma virus 16

One of the most common papilloma viruses, which is diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (human papilloma virus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Noncondylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital cancer.
• Cancer of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus is incorporated into the DNA regions of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural antitumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, the 16th genotype is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Human papilloma virus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has high oncogenicity. Embedding in the human genome provokes the growth of benign growths, which gradually grow into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis and determination of the probability of malignancy of the neoplasm. Therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. At the same time, one should take into account the fact that today there are no drugs that completely neutralize the 18th genotype of papilloma virus.

Human papilloma virus 21

Another type of infection that causes epidermodysplasia verruciformis is HPV 21. At the same time, it belongs to viruses with low carcinogenicity. It is most often manifested as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not penetrate into the bloodstream, but only affects the skin, then scrapings of the epidermis and smears from the mucosa are used for diagnosis. Complex treatment aimed at eliminating skin imperfections and strengthening the immune system.

Human papilloma virus 31

To date, more than a hundred papilloma viruses are known, among which there are oncogenes, ie those that can cause malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection of moderate carcinogenicity, which under the influence of certain factors leads to oncological lesions.

31 genotype is associated with the following diseases:

• Grade 2 and 3 neoplasia.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Erythroplasia from Keira.
• Dental complications.

The infection most often occurs during unprotected intercourse and poses the same danger to both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes in contact with an open wound or during the process of childbirth, or transmission from mother to child.

Human papilloma virus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, because it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Noncondylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital cancer.
• Cervical dysplasia.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthropogenic, the infection occurs only among humans. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, warts begin to form on the genitals with accompanying painful symptoms.

Human papilloma virus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous for the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter does it cause serious problems.

The infection is manifested by condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, inner part of the cheek). Infection can cause the development of dysplasia and cervical cancer.

HPV 35 is not so easy to cure, so special attention is paid to preventive measures: protected sex, healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system and much more. In the case of infection, treatment consists of a series of techniques aimed at removing skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papilloma virus 39

This genotype poses a serious danger and threat to life, because it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignant ones. Women are most sensitive to HPV 39, because it leads to damage to the internal genital organs. Infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection may not manifest for a long period of time, feeding on healthy tissues and increasing in size.

• External symptoms of the infection are growths of skin on the inner walls of the vagina, the lining of the cervical canal, in the cervical region.
• Less commonly, condyloma forms on the external genitalia as well as around the exit from the urethra or near the anus.
• Neoplasms appear as single and multiple growths that look like cauliflower on the outside.

Human papilloma virus 44

From the point of view of oncology, type 44 HPV does not pose a danger. In this case, infection with this infection is manifested by genital warts and warts on the cervix and other important organs.

The treatment of skin growths is performed in order to remove aesthetic discomfort, ie new growths are removed. Also, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral drugs and immunostimulants to suppress papillomatous infection in the body.

Human papilloma virus 45

Another representative of the group of oncogenic papilloma viruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Infection occurs during unprotected intercourse. Man is a carrier of the virus, although he may not know about it. In women, the infection manifests as wart growths on the genitals. The pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the moment of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

In the diagnostic process, PCR, dygen test, calcoscopy, biopsy, and cytological studies are performed to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.

Human papilloma virus 51

This type of HPV belongs to anogenital infections of medium oncogenic risk. The infection is mainly caused by sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant neoplasms in the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Giant Buschke-Levenshtein condyle.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients must undergo a urogenital swab. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and risk assessment of malignancy are performed.

There are no specially formulated drugs to treat this type of infection. Therapy is aimed at the prevention of malignant transformations and the mobilization of the body's antitumor immunity.

Human papilloma virus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women older than 35 years. The infection most often occurs during unprotected sex. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

It is impossible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and proper therapy, the cells can be protected from destruction and malignant diseases. To do that, surgical removal of the growths, a course of antiviral therapy and taking medications to strengthen the immune system are performed.

Human papilloma virus 53

HPV 53 infection is possible by contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and therefore does not pose a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain dormant for a long period of time. The action of various factors, for example, the weakening of the protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. As a result, epidermal cells begin to actively divide, creating wart neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment of type 53 papilloma virus comes down to removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs, and boosting immunity.

Human papilloma virus 56

One of the types of human papilloma virus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Noncondylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Cancer of the genital mucosa.

The virus is dangerous for both women and men, causing genital warts and other neoplasms. Penetration of the infection into the body occurs through the mucous membrane during unprotected sex or with open damage to the wound on the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy consists of taking antiviral drugs, surgically removing the growths and strengthening the immune system. Special attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infections.

Human papilloma virus 58

The viral pathogen from the category of average risk of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, ie it contributes to the occurrence of such pathologies:

• Noncondylomatous genital lesions.
• Condyloma of the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

After ingestion, it causes the appearance of small growths of dense and soft structure. Depending on the location, they can be light pink or brown. This genotype is very often manifested in the neck, armpits, intestines, external and internal genital organs and bladder.

The danger of infection arises due to the latent course of the infectious process. Because the pathogen can be dormant for a long period of time. Timely diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications of human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papilloma virus 59

The HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Under the influence of certain factors, it can cause damage to the tissues of the cervix and the epithelium of the uterus, causing a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs through unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less often through oral sex.

Often the infection does not manifest for a long time. But the appearance of growths and warts on the skin indicates their activation. Genital warts form on the external genitalia and their mucous membranes.

To diagnose a painful condition, viral DNA and PCR analysis is performed. Treatment consists of taking antiviral drugs to fight the infection.

Human papilloma virus 66

Very often the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with papilloma virus infection type 66. In this case, the growths on the skin have the most inappropriate localization: armpits, perianal and periorbital regions, perineum, genital mucosa.

Typically, after infection, the infection rests for a long time. But under the influence of certain factors, it is activated. These factors include:

• Weakening of the immune system.
• An unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sexual partners and unprotected relationships.
• Failure to follow the rules of personal hygiene.
• Frequent abortions and much more.

HPV 66 treatment aims to remove growths on the skin and remove the factors that cause the spread of infection. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to boost immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papilloma virus 67

According to studies, type 67 HPV belongs to viruses with an average status of oncological degeneration. That is, infection with this genotype, under certain conditions, can cause precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. The infection is manifested by papillomatous growths on the body. Outgrowths can also form on the cervical mucosa.

Human papilloma virus 68

68 The HPV genotype has low oncogenicity and is manifested by skin growths of different localization. Strong spread of defects and their frequent traumas are dangerous. Because at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical help, then the active progression of papilloma virus type 68 can lead to cancer.